Emerging Infectious Disease page

Emerging means infections that have increased recently or are threatening to increase in the near future. Information on novel emerging infectious diseases or disease outbreaks will be added here as they arise.

These infections could be

completely new
completely new to an area
reappearing in an area
caused by bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. Some avian influenza viruses that primarily circulate in animals have infected people on rare occasion. When influenza viruses that normally circulate in animals cause an infection in people, this is called a “novel” virus infection. Not all influenza viruses found in birds are known to cause human infections.

How it spreads: Flu viruses are highly contagious. People can get infected through contact with saliva, nasal secretions, and droppings (poop) from infected animals. People also can get infected through contact with virus-contaminated surfaces, poultry coops, pig pens, and supplies. Less often, people can get infected by touching an infected animal and then touching their own eyes, nose, or mouth.

Who is at risk: It is rare for avian flu to spread to people. Anyone can get the flu, but children younger than 5 years old, pregnant people, adults 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are at high risk for serious flu complications.

People who work closely with large numbers of birds, such as producers, are more likely to get avian flu if their animals are infected.

Signs in poultry: Birds can be infected with flu viruses without showing symptoms. Signs that poultry may be infected range from decreased egg production to extremely high death rates.

CDC Additional Information on HPAI in Mammals Including Dairy Cattle

FDA HPAI Updates

Symptoms in people: People infected with avian flu viruses can have symptoms similar to the human seasonal flu, such as fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, and coughing. They may also have red eyes, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Some people can have serious flu complications, including inflammation of the heart (myocarditis), brain (encephalitis), or muscle (myositis, rhabdomyolysis) tissues, and multi-organ failure (for example, respiratory and kidney failure).

How Infected Poultry Can Spread Avian Influenza Handout English Spanish

CDC Information

Delaware Avian Influenza Information Center

What to Know CDC Handout

Travel Advisories

Global Dengue – Practice Usual Precautions

August 19, 2024 – Dengue virus is a mosquito-borne disease that is primarily spread by the bite of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. These mosquitoes bite during the daytime and lay eggs in containers within urban areas.

Many people who are infected with dengue do not develop symptoms. About one in four people infected with the virus develop the disease and symptoms are generally mild. The most common symptoms of dengue are fever, rash, muscle pain, joint pain, bone pain, pain behind the eyes, and nausea/vomiting. Symptoms typically begin two to seven days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Health care providers should ask all their patients about recent travel.

Some countries are reporting higher-than-usual number of dengue cases:

The best way to reduce your risk of dengue is to avoid mosquito bites.

Use an EPA-registered insect repellent with DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane-diol, or 2-undecanone. Always make sure to follow label instructions.
- Use the EPA’s search tool to find the insect repellent that is right for you.
Wear loose-fitting, long-sleeved shirts and pants. You can use 0.5% permethrin to treat clothing and gear. Permethrin is an insecticide that kills or repels mosquitoes.
For babies and children:
- Cover strollers and baby carriers with mosquito netting.
- When applying insect repellent to babies and children, do not apply repellent to their hands, eyes, mouth, cuts, or irritated skin. Adults should apply insect repellent to their hands and then use their hands to apply to a child’s face.
Sleep under a mosquito bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms are not available or if sleeping outdoors.

For more information on mosquito-borne disease visit: https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/epi/mosquito.html

Oropouche in Cuba and South America – Practice Enhanced Precautions

August 19, 2024 – Oropouche is a disease caused by Oropouche virus and is spread by the bite of infected midges (small flies also called “no-see-ums”) and some mosquitoes.

Figure 1. Biting midge (left) and mosquito (right). Photo from CDC.

Symptoms of Oropouche include headache, sudden onset of fever, chills, muscle aches, stiff joints, nausea, pain behind the eyes, vomiting, or sensitivity to light. Less than one in 20 people will develop severe disease. Severe disease may result in meningitis (inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or bleeding. Symptoms usually start three to 10 days after being bitten and last three to six days. Although there is no treatment for Oropouche, most people recover without long-term effects.

Brazil has reported cases of Oropouche virus being passed from a pregnant person to their fetus, possibly resulting in the death of the fetus or congenital abnormalities like microcephaly (birth defect that causes a baby’s head to be smaller than normal). Pregnant people should reconsider non-essential travel to Cuba, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.

Travel Advisory – Dengue Virus in Puerto Rico

For full CDC travel advisories; Visit: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices